BEYOND INCLUSION: UNCOVERING THE ROLE OF INCLUSIVE LEARNING IN SHAPING STUDENTS' PERSPECTIVE-TAKING

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33650/pjp.v13i1.13871
Authors

(1)  Nurul Fajriyah   (Universitas Nurul Jadid)  
        Indonesia
(2) * Abu Hasan Agus R   (Universitas Nurul Jadid)  
        Indonesia
(3)  Izzatul Munawwaroh   (Universitas Nurul Jadid)  
        Indonesia
(4)  Syahzadi Hina Sain   (Beaconhouse Head Office, Lahore)  
        Pakistan
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


This study aims to uncover the role of inclusive learning in shaping students' perspective-taking abilities through social interactions and pedagogical practices in the classroom. The study employed a qualitative approach with a case study to gain a deeper understanding of the contextual learning process. Data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation, then analyzed interactively through systematic data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results indicate that students' perspective-taking abilities are formed through two main interrelated mechanisms. First, structured social interactions, such as heterogeneous group discussions, collaborative work, and reflective dialogue, encourage students to understand, compare, and reflect on others' perspectives more deeply. Second, teachers' pedagogical practices, such as the use of reflective questions, facilitating open discussions, participatory approaches, and empathy modeling, act as guides and strengthen these processes. These findings confirm that inclusive learning functions not only as a space for social integration but also as a transformational process that sustainably shapes students' socio-cognitive abilities. This study makes both theoretical and practical contributions by emphasizing the importance of quality interactions and pedagogical strategies in developing the ability to understand others' perspectives in a more reflective, adaptive, and contextual manner.

Keywords

Inclusive Learning, Perspective-Taking, Social Interaction, Pedagogical Practice.



Full Text: PDF



References


Adeoye, M. A. (2024). AI-Enhanced Learning Experiences : Moving Beyond Traditional Textbook Approaches in Global Education. 2(3), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.70437/educative.v2i3.825

Adu-Boahen, A. O. (2024). Exploring empathic thinking among history student-teachers in Ghana: A case of Dr J.B. Danquah’s letter to Dr Kwame Nkrumah in prison. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 9(February), 100850. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.100850

Aini, T. N., Nugraha, L., Surbakti, A. H., Mundiri, A., & Sanjani, M. A. F. (2025). Value-based branding in Islamic boarding schools: Efforts to maintain identity in digitalization dynamics. Al-Tanzim: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 9(2), 442–457.

Aminulloh, A., Baharun, H., Asmawati, A., & Hasanah, F. (2023). Student Egocentric Control through the Student Team Achievement Division Design. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 7(4), 4599–4608. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v7i4.4095

Asfiati, Pane, A., Choirunnisa, F., & Kustati, M. (2023). Implementation of Policies, Strategies, Islamic Religious Education Learning Programs with Curriculum Integration During the Covid 19 Pandemic Period at State Madrasah Aliyah (MAN) Indonesian Scholar. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2805, Issue 1, p. 030008). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0166441

Baglama, B., Evcimen, E., Altinay, F., Sharma, R. C., Tlili, A., Altinay, Z., Dağlı, G., Jemni, M., Shadiev, R., Yücesoy, Y., & Çelebı, M. (2022). Analysis of Digital Leadership in School Management and Accessibility of Animation-Designed Game-Based Learning for Sustainability of Education for Children with Special Needs. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(13), 7730. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14137730

Breinholt, A. (2024). Poetics Hidden patterns of inequality : The heterogeneity in parenting within educational groups. Poetics, 107(December 2023), 101941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2024.101941

Briones, E., Gallego, T., & Palomera, R. (2022). Creative Drama and Forum Theatre in initial teacher education: Fostering students’ empathy and awareness of professional conflicts. Teaching and Teacher Education, 117, 103809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2022.103809

Carrasco, S., Egbelakin, T., & Dangol, N. (2023). Fostering recovery through stakeholders-community collaboration in post-earthquake recovery in Nepal. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 88(February), 103619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103619

Dwivedi, Y. K., Ismagilova, E., Hughes, D. L., Carlson, J., Filieri, R., Jacobson, J., Jain, V., Karjaluoto, H., Kefi, H., Krishen, A. S., Kumar, V., Rahman, M. M., Raman, R., Rauschnabel, P. A., Rowley, J., Salo, J., Tran, G. A., & Wang, Y. (2021). Setting the future of digital and social media marketing research: Perspectives and research propositions. International Journal of Information Management, 59(May 2020), 102168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102168

Ezzaim, A., Dahbi, A., Haidine, A., & Aqqal, A. (2024). Enabling sustainable learning: A Machine Learning Approach for an Eco-friendly Multi-factor Adaptive E-Learning System. Procedia Computer Science, 236(2023), 533–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2024.05.063

Faidul Mannan, A., Shulhani, R., & Baharun, H. (2024). Conflict in Schools: How Effective Communication Can Address Bullying Problems in Educational Institutions. TIME: Transformation in Islamic Management and Education Journal, 1(2), 61–68. https://journal.staimun.ac.id/index.php/time

Geletu, G. M., & Mihiretie, D. M. (2023). Professional accountability and responsibility of learning communities of practice in professional development versus curriculum practice in classrooms: Possibilities and pathways. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 4(July 2022), 100223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2022.100223

Hafi, M., Maulana, A., & Silviana. (2025). Students ’ Experiences in Increasing Self-Confidence When Speaking in Front of the Class. Sphere of Educational Innovation, 1, 82–91.

Hasanah, R., & Lawal, U. S. (2024). Artificial Intelligence-Based Learning and Its Impact on Educational Policy and School Management. 03(02), 86–99.

Hasanah, R., & Sain, S. H. (2025). Digital Game-Based Learning and the Rise of Edutainment in. JETech: Journal of Education and Technology, 86–95.

Hobbs, M. J., & Allen, P. (2023). Political public relations, leadership, and COVID-19: A comparative assessment of Prime Ministers Ardern and Morrison on Facebook and Twitter. Public Relations Review, 49(2), 102326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2023.102326

Kharlanova, E. M., Sivrikova, N. V., Roslyakova, S. V., & Chernikova, E. G. (2024). Educating the Digital Generation: the Role of Virtual Communities. Obrazovanie i Nauka, 26(1), 103–132. https://doi.org/10.17853/1994-5639-2024-1-103-132

Khusnu Alif, J., Azatil Isma, A., Aisyah Yope, S., & Harviani, E. (2024). Implementasi Model Pembelajaran Flipped Classroom Menggunakan Media E-Learning Berbasis Moodle. Jurnal Pendidikan Tambusai, 8(1), 13884–13892.

Korte, S.-M., Cheung, W. M.-Y., Maasilta, M., Kong, S.-C., Keskitalo, P., Wang, L., Lau, C. M., Lee, J. C. K., & Gu, M. M. (2024). Enhancing artificial intelligence literacy through cross-cultural online workshops. Computers and Education Open, 6(January), 100164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2024.100164

Kulsum, U. (2024). Learning Islamic Religious Education Through the Flipped Learning Model To Enhance Student Learning Motivation. Proceeding of International …, 02(01), pp. 431-434. https://ejournal.unuja.ac.id/index.php/icesh/article/view/7806%0Ahttps://ejournal.unuja.ac.id/index.php/icesh/article/viewFile/7806/2814

Lee, P. C., Wang, J. T. H., Chen, T. Y., & Peng, C. H. (2022). Digital Health Care in Taiwan: Innovations of National Health Insurance, (p. 270). In Digital Health Care in Taiwan: Innovations of National Health Insurance. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05160-9

Lee, S. J., & Kwon, K. (2024). A systematic review of AI education in K-12 classrooms from 2018 to 2023: Topics, strategies, and learning outcomes. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 6(October 2023), 100211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100211

Liu, Y., Razman, M. R., Syed Zakaria, S. Z., Lee, K. E., Khan, S. U., & Albanyan, A. (2024). Personalized context-aware systems for sustainable agriculture development using ubiquitous devices and adaptive learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 160(February), 108375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2024.108375

Mohlas, M., Saputra, Y. I., Kamil, M., Abrar, M. T., Holidi, M., Kholilurrohman, M., & Mudarris, B. (2025). Utilizing Digital Applications as an Effective Strategy for Students in Completing Academic Assignments. Journal of Education Management and Policy, 1(3), 45-55.

Mughni, J. A., Ridwan, M., & Muiz, M. A. (2025). Moderating Religion , Bridging Cultures : The Impact of Pesantren Riyadul ’ Ulum Wadda ’ wah on Intercultural Harmony. Indonesian Journal of Islamic Religious Education ( INJIRE ), 3(June), 101-110.

Mundiri, A., Munawwaroh, I., Hadi, M. I., Baharun, H., Shudiq, W. J. F., & Maulidy, A. (2025). Artificial Intelligence (AI) Innovation in Education: From Data-Driven Learning to Automated Teaching. Proceedings of the 2025 IEEE International Conference on Industry 4.0, Artificial Intelligence, and Communications Technology, IAICT 2025, 173–180. https://doi.org/10.1109/IAICT65714.2025.11100623

Muslimin, A. I., Mukminatien, N., & Ivone, F. M. (2024). Evaluating Cami AI Across SAMR Stages: Students’ Achievement and Perceptions in EFL Writing Instruction. Online Learning Journal, 28(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v28i2.4246

Park, W., & Cho, H. (2022). The interaction of history and STEM learning goals in teacher-developed curriculum materials: opportunities and challenges for STEAM education. Asia Pacific Education Review, 23(3), 457–474. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-022-09741-0

Rozi, F., Mufidah, A. L., Munif, M., & Qodriyah, K. (2025). Internalizing Pesantren Values to Prevent Violence Among Santri. Andragogi: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 5(1), 71–87.

Rozi, F., Nuraini, D., Jannah, N., & Meliana, A. (2025). Character Education Curriculum Adaptation Assistance to Build Students’ Religious Culture. Applied Community Services Journal, 1(2), 75–86.

Rozi, F., Ramdlani, M., Najah, F., & Azizah, N. (2021). Distance Learning and Independent Learning of Students in Higher Education Distance Learning and Independent Learning of Students in Higher Education. Journal of Physics: Conference Series PAPER. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1899/1/012177

Sain, Z. H., Chanda Chansa Thelma, Hasan Baharun, & Agatha Cryssandra Pigesia. (2024). ChatGPT For Positive Impact? Examining the Opportunities and Challenges of Large Language Models in Education. International Journal of Educational Development, 1(3), 87–100. https://doi.org/10.61132/ijed.v1i3.75

Shahzad, M. F., Xu, S., Lim, W. M., Yang, X., & Khan, Q. R. (2024). Artificial intelligence and social media on academic performance and mental well-being: Student perceptions of positive impact in the age of smart learning. Heliyon, 10(8), e29523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29523

Speiser, R., Chen-Wu, H., & Lee, J. S. (2022). Developing an “Inclusive Learning Tree”: Reflections on Promoting a Sense of Community in Remote Instruction. Journal of Educators Online, 19(2). 101-116. https://doi.org/10.9743/JEO.2022.19.2.11

Tadege, A., Seifu, A., & Melese, S. (2022). Teachers’ views on values-education: The case of secondary schools in East Gojjam, Ethiopia. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 6(1), 100284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2022.100284

Tafazoli, D. (2024). Exploring the potential of generative AI in democratizing English language education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 7(March), 100275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100275

Velicu, A., Barbovschi, M., & Rotaru, I. (2022). Socially isolated and digitally excluded. A qualitative exploratory study of the lives of Roma teenage mothers during the COVID-19 lockdown. Technology in Society, 68(December 2021), 101861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101861

Yaiprasert, C., & Hidayanto, A. N. (2024). AI-powered ensemble machine learning to optimize cost strategies in logistics business. International Journal of Information Management Data Insights, 4(1), 100209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2023.100209


Dimensions, PlumX, and Google Scholar Metrics

10.33650/pjp.v13i1.13871


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2026 Nurul Fajriyah, Abu Hasan Agus R, Izzatul Munawwaroh, Syahzadi Hina Sain


This work is licensed under a CC BY-SA

Published by Institute for Publication, Research, and Community Service of Nurul Jadid University, Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia.